How Far Have We Really Come?

Advertisements that were focused on African Americans used offensive, cliche language and fed on the insecurities of a group struggling to find it's place and voice in America.

When advertisers first started using black people in their advertisements, they were poorly speaking stereotypes, like well known icon Aunt Jemima. Aunt Jemima was a typical "mammy", focused on domestic tasks - well, only one, really -making pancakes. It was common for African American likenesses to be used for food items, particularly "comfort foods".

(Energizing pancakes? Indeed - sugar was long advertised as a health food, providing needed energy to your family and children!)

Aunt Jemima has changed over the years, going from "mammy" to more of a housewife, and you'll find no apologies from the company that created her - they are proud of their heritage and claim "The Aunt Jemima products continue to stand for warmth, nourishment and trust – qualities you’ll find in loving moms from diverse backgrounds who care for and want the very best for their families." Lawsee we sho' do!

"Happy Husband! Thrives on home cookin' ... knows he's saving money." In this Aladdin ad we again see the use of shortened, slang type language used to advertise to African Americans, a trend which unfortunately has not died out in our society. The wife knows her role- to make her husband happy (with food!) and not waste any of that money he's bringing home. Aladdin thermos ads were occasonally questionable, like this one eluding to domestic abuse.

Skin lightening creams and treatments are marketed to all women for things like sunspots and blemishes; after all, who doesn't want the milky white skin that poets write about? For ethnic women, the issue is not just skin deep. As African Americans struggled to find equality in America, advertisements from as early as the 1920's encouraged black women to have lighter skin. "Pride in our race demands that we look Light, Bright and Attractive." This issue remains controversial today; skin lightening is a multibillion dollar industry who's beauty standards have affected cultures around the world.

"Bleaching" is a huge industry in developing countries. This legacy of slavery or colonization, where lighter-skinned or white people were given visible privileges over hundreds of years has resulted in societies where the lighter you are, the higher your status socially and economically. In India, women strive to achieve the "wheat" colour much-requested on Asian dating websites. In the Caribbean, light skin is also highly desired while in African countries even seemingly minor variations in skin tone can contribute to ethnic conflict." -Vanessa Walters

As is the unfortunate case with most beauty products for women, skin whitener can contain a range of dangerous chemicals that give "Beauty is Pain" a whole new meaning. Hydroquinone inhibits melanin production and has been associated with possible cancer risks causing many countries to ban it (but not America!) Of course, you could always turn to the alternative and get a lovely acid peel. The practice of skin lightening combines the audacity of an impossible beauty standard with the danger of industrialized, media driven racism.

But remember ladies, it's not just your skin that's the problem, it's your hair too.

"Historically, long, straight tresses -- along with pale, white skin -- defined beauty in the United States. Black women, our complexions the hues of a cocoa rainbow and our hair often kinky and short, didn't fit the Eurocentric ideal, and we were made to feel less soft, less lovely, less womanly.

Hair became a thing that we obsessed over, searing it into contrition with hot combs and lye, and assigning it the attributes of good (straight/wavy) and evil (naturally nappy.) Indeed, Madam C.J. Walker, a black woman widely regarded as America's first black female millionaire, earned her fortune devising products and techniques that made our hair "behave."' -Charisse Jones

When we look at these advertisements, we shake our heads at history and tend to indulge in "how far we've come" ... Are African Americans still stereotyped by uneducated language and soul food? Are women still expected to fit a standard for beauty and homemaking? Does lighter skin still equal greater success? Do people still use everything from oils to weaves to wigs to attain hair different from their own? Does the media still drive the machine, the greedy industry that preys on women's self doubt with chemicals and pretty colors? How far have we really come?

Witchy Women

How many people in history have been ruthlessly slaughtered, accused of witchcraft? The number is hard to pin down. In America, we often think about the Salem Witch Trails of the 1600s, the number hovers somewhere in the 30's, including those who died in jail. In Europe however, starting around the 14th century, witch hunting was popularized throughout several countries including France, Switzerland and Germany. Hundreds of thousands of people were killed throughout the 14th and 15th centuries, and witchcraft remained punishable by law in some areas until the 18th century. Even before the Europeans began their hunts and before the Church condoned the practice, thousands of people were executed as witches in BC Rome. In some countries, like Saudi Arabia and parts of Africa, sorcery and witchcraft remain punishable offenses even to this day.

There is a sharp inequality in exactly who were being accused of witchcraft, with figures on average claiming that 80-85% of people accused and murdered in Europe were women. In America, though many men were accused and hung for the crime, the majority is also made up of women. But why? Why should women be more likely to have evil intentions, make pacts with the Devil, or put a curse on their neighbor? Is it the uncomfortable relationship humans have had with sex throughout history, making women and their sexuality more prone to criticism, particularly from the Catholic Church? Is it thousands of years of stereotypes portraying women to be mentally unstable and susceptible to hysteria? Were men, and many women, fearful of strong women and the idea that they could possess power?

In The Malleus Maleficarum, the go-to witch hunting book of it's time, Heinrich Kramer argued that women were the more "fragile" sex and much more likely to engage in wicked activity than men. Unsurprisingly, the general attitude towards women at the time was not exactly favorable. "What else is woman but a foe to friendship, an unescapable punishment, a necessary evil, a natural temptation, a desirable calamity, a domestic danger, a delectable detriment, an evil of nature, painted with fair colours!" While Heinrich spares a few nice words and quotes for virgins and "virtuous" married women, independent women and those seen to be less than "holy" were immediately assumed to be wicked . "When a woman thinks alone, she thinks evil."
Women of that time were seen to be more superstitious than men, and perhaps this was indeed true; education was typically reserved for rich men and those belonging to the clergy, though where to draw the line between "superstion" and "religious education" is debatable. Kramer also claims that women are very impressionable, making them more likely to be swayed by the Devil's evil ideas.
What is at the heart of these beliefs, shared not just by the controversial Heinrich Kramer, but many cultures and societies in the past, still shared by some today? Is it simply sex? Women and sex have a muddled history, particularly in context of Christianity. Many people believed women to be the source of original sin thanks to Eve, who tempted Adam into betraying God and eating the Devil's fruit. Women were seen as intellectually inferior to men, using their sex and beauty instead of their minds to tempt and trick those around them. It was generally accepted that women were lying, vain, stupid, lustful creatures, and it was these natural traits that made women more likely to consort with the Devil than men. "All witchcraft comes from carnal lust, which is in women insatiable." It was also believed that women would engage in wild sexual activity with demons and the Devil to secure their evil pact and gain supernatural powers.

When Kramer claimed that women were mentally inferior, he was unfortunately only echoing a common belief present for thousands of years, one that extends into our modern world. Hysteria was considered a medical problem occuring mainly in women with roots that can be traced back to Ancient Greece, where popular theories included hysteria being the result of sexual deprivation (again, women are seen as feeble minded and sex crazy.) Symptoms of hysteria were broad and subject to the Doctor's opinion, and the tie to sex eventually resulted in a cure - vaginal massage and vibration. (More on that in another post!) What was hysteria? It could have been any combination of medical disorders and problems, but for thousands of years any developmental disabilities or mental issues were considered work of demons and the Devil, adding fuel to the flames of witch hunts. What of intentional hysteria? Was it possible that people were faking mental illnesses and medical conditions in order to "prove" the existence of witches?
During the Salem Witch trails, mass hysteria was rampant. Young women were seen screaming, contorting and throwing themselves on the floor. Neighbors accused one another of casting evil spells or taking on spectral shapes. Any reading materials discussing "magic" like fortune telling and divination were considered strictly unholy and girls caught with such material were quick to blame others around them and of course, the Devil. People who spoke up in skepticism were quickly accused of witchcraft themselves. The question remains: Why? Why did people accuse each other, pointing out their neighbors in dramatic court room antics? Why did some confess to the sins of witchcraft? Why were entire communities willing to kill each other based on superstition and spiritual "evidence"?

The idea of a powerful woman is a frightening prospect throughout history, and this idea is personified by the Witch. The Catholic Church, scared by sexuality, tied it to the devil, making it a sin against God. Men, scared by the influence of women, degraded women's emotions and kept them uneducated. Women, scared into survival tactics in a misogynistic world, exerted what little power they could by attacking and accusing each other of moral misgivings. This was a world were politics, religion and sexism were hopelessly intertwined ... and what of our world today? True, we've stopped burning and hanging and crushing witches, but are the conditions that caused them really so radically different? As we navigate through the future of society and culture, is the next witch hunt right around the corner?

A few places to check out for more reading:

http://www.nationalgeographic.com/salem/

http://www.salemwitchtrials.com/faqs.html#victims

http://www.malleusmaleficarum.org/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_hysteria

http://www.gendercide.org/case_witchhunts.html

Thanks, Dr. Scott!

Corsets were claimed to provide a woman with more than the perfect waistline- manufacturers, companies and even Doctors sold women on the idea that corsets could be a cureall for anything that ails you. "They cannot and do not harm like medicine." Corsets put a lot of pressure on the abdomen; it was said (and still is today) that "training" with a corset can decrease appetite and lead to weight loss. The pressure also makes it more difficult to breath - the shallow breathing they caused was considered attractive and ladylike. (Labored respiration is so sexy!) "They are constructed on scientific principals." While it is true that medical corsets are used sometimes for spinal injuries, corsets -especially the hardcore ones worn in the past - caused disfigurement, muscle atrophy, organ problems (like shifting, compression and crushing) and respiratory and reproductive issues. Sorry, Dr. Scott, I'm all set on the corset. "Always doing good, never harm."

Are YOU "In the Know?"

Selections from Kotex's 1956 booklet collection of "Are You In The Know?" advertisements, meant to give etiquette and beauty tips to teens and women. Thanks to The Museum of Menstruation and Women's Health webpage!

A Collection of Lysol Douche Ads

From around the interwebs comes some of the most sexist- and probably most dangerous - hygiene advice from our good friends at Lysol.